10-0 Vote But . . .

The San Francisco Board of Supervisors on Tuesday night voted 10-0 to reject two appeals against the America’s Cup Environmental Impact Review.

Though not until the AC Event Authority agree do re-site its JumboTron from a barge anchored in Aquatic Park – where swim clubs argued it would stir up toxic silt – to a spot on land instead.

The vote does not preclude civil action, but I note that certain parties to the appeal, such as the Sierra Club, are on record as wanting the America’s Cup to be sailed on San Francisco Bay. Things need to get moving and keep moving.

The next hurdle is a February 8 vote on the development agreement for the piers of the Port of San Francisco that will be used for America’s Cup events and later leased to Larry Ellison’s assigns to recover the cost of overhauling those piers from their present derelict status. As of Tuesday night, Supervisors Avalos and Campos seemed bent on trying to improve the deal on behalf of the city and, OK, that’s their job.

But before the America’s Cup came to town there was no Plan A for our several crumbling piers (30-32 have at most a semi-useful life of six years) and now there is no Plan B. I figure Ellison will be lucky to break even on the deal he has now, so the Supes should not push their luck to the limit.

I had to be elsewhere during the Board hearing, but I have seen this from Paul Oliva:

“I was there for the hearing and of course talked to a few people. As was known going in, the greatest populist issue was placement of a JumboTron with a diesel generator on a barge in the middle of Aquatic Park, which is a sanctuary for swimmers and rowers (how many can there b,e you may ask? About 2200 members of the swimming/rowing clubs in the cove and swim events rivaling the larger yacht racing events on the bay). There were more swimmers than sailors at City Hall last night.

“When the Event Authority pledged to remove the JumboTron and work through the other issues, the Supervisors quickly chose to deny the appeal. It remains to be seen if the appellates will take this to the court system, which they may still do. There are many folks who want to subject any development to the “bottomless can of worms” that Kimball mentions.

“Now, recall this was a vote just on the environmental review. There was an undercurrent last night that will come to the peak in a couple weeks when the supervisors need to approve the financial side of the project, long term lease arrangements, and departmental plans (such as municipal transportation). Some Supes (especially Campos and Avalos) want to see if they can rejigger the deal to squeeze more money out of the event and get more leverage in the lease terms.

“It looks like there are enough votes on the board to keep things moving, though we will all need to keep support up to provide political cover.”

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AC Priorities: View from Down Under

Howzabout a little guest editorial from someone who has made the rounds of America’s Cup. You should know the name Keith Taylor. If not, what’s below is self-explanatory. Keith’s missive arrived at San Francisco City Hall yesterday, in advance of today’s hearing before the Board of Supervisors – the hearing to decide the fate of an appeal to the America’s Cup Environmental Impact Review:

Supervisors . . .

I urge you to hew to the greater good when considering the challenges to the America’s Cup Environmental Impact Report. Yes, you should respect the environment, but that’s not a mandate to block progress.

My first-hand perspective on the America’s Cup stretches over 45 years. As a marine writer and editor I’ve covered every America’s Cup defense since Newport, RI, in 1967, with the exception of the two Cup defenses in Valencia, Spain.

In 1986-87, and subsequently, I witnessed first hand the transformation of Fremantle, Western Australia and the broad benefits that accrued to Perth and Fremantle from the America’s Cup there. In Auckland, New Zealand where I now live, I walked the rotting quaysides, explored derelict industrial buildings and watched the dredges as they began the transformation of the dirty and defunct Lighter Basin to the current Viaduct Basin, home to pleasure boats, a fishing fleet, excursion boats and megayachts. Today it’s the most vibrant part of the city. It’s a powerful case study for San Francisco as it comes to grips with its America’s Cup moment.

I was also on hand to see how San Diego failed to marshall the political will to do justice to its America’s Cup opportunities in ’92 and ’95.

The plan for the 34th America’s Cup offers San Francisco an unparalleled opportunity. We’re talking here about change that will last for lifetimes, balanced against temporary increased noise, congestion or blocked sightlines. From the perspective of this American citizen your duty is clear.

. . . Keith Taylor, Auckland, NZ

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The Cup’s Next Hurdle

One of my takeaways from a heap of 2011 trips to San Francisco City Hall was a higher opinion of city government than I had when I started. Knowing that some of the best minds in what they call down there the “city family” have spent the last year working with the America’s Cup Event Authority to develop a plan that will work for 2012-13, it strikes me as almost an insult (though it’s inevitable, I suppose) that an appeal has been filed against the Environmental Impact Report recently approved by the SF Planning Commission.

The San Francisco Board of Supervisors will be hearing public comment on the appeal on Tuesday, 4 pm.

This is the first crunchtime since the host city agreement sailed through, and once again the troops will gather for the Public Comment period, pro and con. But it’s not Armageddon, I think. I hope.

The objections revolve around arguments that the framers of the plan have not paid enough attention to this or that, and the EIR is therefore “inadequate.” The first appeal was filed on December 14 by Lippe Gaffney Wagner LLP’s Keith G. Wagner, alleging that the EIR “fails to fully and adequately identify and mitigate the impacts of the projects.”

Well now, “fully and adequately” opens the door to a lot of interpretation (opens the trapdoor to a bottomless can of worms?) but a confident Board can close that same door.

One party to the appeal is the Sierra Club, whose Rebecca Evans has said, “It’s not the Sierra Club’s intention to stop the event. We know it’s important to the city. We just want it to be green and sustainable and in accordance with the laws.”

OK. And the rest of us want to get moving.

Now that a pile of dough has been spent restoring the bleachers at Aquatic Park (for example), it makes sense to at least a few people to use those bleachers for viewing aquatic events. America’s Cup racing, for example. And it makes sense to at least a few people to anchor a Jumbotron in the park to bring the up-close action to folks ashore. Will the generators that are required to run a Jumbotron burn enough carbon to justify appealing the EIR? The Sierra Club thinks so. I kinda doubt it. Will anchoring a big thingie in Aquatic Park stir up nasty industrial nuggets from days gone by, bringing harm to the once-content swimmers and rowers of the two clubs on the shoreline? That, I really don’t know. But I do know that we can have an America’s Cup with or without a Jumbotron, so let’s get this settled and move on.

I’ve written to all twelve members of the Board of Supervisors, urging them to reject the appeal: David.Chiu@sfgov.org,David.Campos@sfgov.org, John.Avalos@sfgov.org, Carmen.Chu@sfgov.org, Scott.Wiener@sfgov.org, Mark.Farrell@sfgov.org, Sean.Elsbernd@sfgov.org, Jane.Kim@sfgov.org, Christine.Olague@sfgov.org, Eric.L.Mar@sfgov.org, Malia.Cohen@sfgov.org

[Public Hearing - Appeal of a Final Environmental Impact Report - 34th
America’s Cup and James R. Herman Cruise Terminal and Northeast Wharf Plaza at Piers 27-29]

29. 111358
Hearing of persons interested in or objecting to the Planning Commission’s decision, dated December 15, 2011, Certification of a Final Environmental Impact Report identified as Planning Case No. 2010.0493E, for a proposed project involving America’s Cup Sailing Races in the Summer/Fall of 2012 and 2013, including various waterfront venues, and a proposed project involving construction of the James R. Herman Cruise Terminal and Northeast Wharf Plaza at Piers 27-29. (District 3) (Appellants: Keith G. Wagner on behalf of San Francisco Tomorrow, Golden Gate Audubon Society, Waterfront Watch, and Telegraph Hill Dwellers, Filed December 19, 2011; Rebecca Evans on behalf of the San Francisco Group of the Sierra Club, Filed January 4, 2012). (Clerk of the Board)

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CooperatingGate, the Next Salvo

In our previous post, ETNZ a One-Boat AC Team (Not?), we examined the implications for the partnership of Emirates Team New Zealand and Luna Rossa of a December 28 decision of the America’s Cup Jury. The Kiwis and the Italians have been silent, but the third of the three fully-accredited challengers for AC34 (and Challenger of Record), Artemis Racing, today released the following:

12 January 2012 – The Jury Decision in Case AC06, issued on 28 December 2011, has made it clear that Emirates Team New Zealand (ETNZ) and Luna Rossa can not proceed with all of their publicly announced plans without violating the Protocol for the 34th America’s Cup. This substantiates Artemis Racing’s understanding of the Protocol and the basis for the team’s filing of Case AC07, submitted on 16 November 2011.

ETNZ’s public announcements and submission to the Jury on 26 November 2011 stated that:

A. ETNZ have a collaboration agreement with Luna Rossa
B. The agreement provides for Luna Rossa to directly or indirectly build a yacht
C. The agreement provides that ETNZ shall obtain design and performance information from the Luna Rossa boat through “two boat testing”

The Jury Decision in Case AC06, clearly states that if an agreement exists between two teams, one which contains A, B and C; then there would a violation of Protocol 33.4.

Artemis Racing has received the clarification it was seeking.

Artemis Racing knows that ETNZ and Luna Rossa have done A and B and plan to do C. Artemis Racing is confident that the teams will modify their plans so as not to violate the Protocol.

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ETNZ a One-Boat AC Team (Not?)

Emirates Team New Zealand, incarnation 2011. Photo by Gilles Martin-Raget

I see the most recent decision
of the America’s Cup Jury being portrayed in New Zealand as a win, but to my monkeymind it looks like a setback for the Emirates Team New Zealand/Luna Rossa partnership, with first-generation AC72 catamarans set to launch just six months from now. Am I missing something?

I figure ETNZ as a two-boat team, but they just might be nursing a sore toe—

While many of us spent the “holiday” weeks fa-la-la-ing away, folks involved in whatever capacity with America’s Cup 34 were cranking right along. The America’s Cup Jury on December 28 released a decision on Jury Case AC06, which is an indirect ruling on the partnership between challengers Emirates Team New Zealand and Luna Rossa. The two teams in November announced a cooperation agreement by which the Italian team gains “full access to all ETNZ design and performance data” until December 31, 2012. For its part, ETNZ gets money. When you’re older, I’ll explain, but for now note the words performance data.

Italian spirit, 2007. Photo by Kimball Livingston

Design sharing, within defined paramenters, comfortably fits the letter of the Protocol of AC34. But the Protocol imposes strict limits upon two-boat testing and development. The partnership announcement (the words “performance data” jump out) prompted America’s Cup Defender Oracle Racing to submit eight hypothetical questions to the Jury. Those questions were posed as if Oracle were considering taking on a partner, just as ETNZ had done, and they were aimed at clarifying just what a partnership is allowed to do or not.

The Kiwis reacted as if this was aimed at them.

When you’re older, I’ll explain.

Coming out during the holidays, the ruling on Oracle Racing’s eight questions attracted little attention. In the one spot where it did pop up promptly, it was interpreted by New Zealand journo Richard Gladwell as just what the doctor ordered for ETNZ/Luna Rossa. On Sail-World.com he writes:

“The only limitations that have been imposed are a requirement that all the boats be built by independent construction teams, and that the crews cannot swap between boats. Additionally, parts such as foils cannot be swapped between boats.”

Oookay. There’s a disconnect here. While I can’t claim to have been inside the heads of either of the team leaders, Grant Dalton for ETNZ or Patrizio Bertelli for Luna Rossa, my read of the December 28 ruling zeroes in on limits to pretty much everything involved in two-boat speed development, which is kind of, like, central to their planning. As in—

QUESTION 5
42. Would ORACLE Racing (OR) and Competitor B (CB) remain compliant with the Rules if OR and CB share performance data obtained prior to 1st January 2013?

43. Answer: Yes. There is no article that prohibits two Competitors from sharing performance data obtained prior to 1st January 2013, provided Article 33.4 is not breached by virtue of an agreement between the two Competitors. However, both OR and CB will be using each other’s boats for their development. They will therefore be Surrogate Yachts for each other, as set out in Article 29.4 and then both of them will be prohibited from building another AC72 Yacht under Article 29.2.

So, a one-boat team benefits from a sharing arrangement, but a two-boat team would be rendered one-boat in an instant if, by chicanery or error, performance data was exchanged. Their development opportunities would be suddenly skewed.

Are we learning here that ETNZ and Luna Rossa intend to build only two boats between them, to see how smart and how fast they can become before the legal cooperation window closes on December 31, 2012?

Perhaps it is so, but that scenario doesn’t square with anything. Not with my expectations. Not with Grant Dalton’s public statements about an intent to build two boats for his team. Here is Gladwell again:

“By building two boats to an identical design and working against each other, the two teams would obtain vital design and performance information which could then be laid off to good effect with the development of their second boats, which would have to be developed independently.

“In normal circumstances, a team would have the choice of building two identical boats and then refining that platform. Or more commonly, building two slightly different boats – with the second being the development of the first. The partnership contemplated by Luna Rossa and Emirates Team New Zealand would give the teams the best of both options.”

If it is possible for two boats to perform leapfrog development without sharing settings, benchmarks and whatever else might fall under the heading of performance data—rendering each boat, under the Protocol, a surrogate of the other—someone is going to have to cure my sense of dissonance by telling it to me “like you’re telling it to a four-year-old.”

And if you read the JURY DECISION you will see that Luna Rossa and ETNZ, through their legal teams, submitted a number of arguments attempting to subtly reconstruct the Protocol (suggesting, for example, that one segment was a subset deriving from an earlier segment—a line of argument that only lawyers could come up with) but those were rebuffed by the Jury.

MEANWHILE

Luna Rossa competing in Valencia, 2007. Photo by Gilles Martin-Raget

However the performance-testing game plays out, Luna Rossa’s entry is a tremendous boost to AC34. Luna Rossa won the Louis Vuitton Cup and raced for the America’s Cup in 2000 against ETNZ. They made a good showing in 2003 and then made the final four in Valencia in 2007. Patrizio Bertelli’s decision to stand aside while other teams became the early challengers for AC34 drew plenty of finger pointing—”There’s your case study, Russell Coutts, it tells you where you’re going wrong”—but having Bertelli aboard now comes as a tremendous vote of confidence in the uphill battle.

So, ETNZ gets an infusion of cash. Luna Rossa gains instant access to the best of design and technology. The event gets another very good team, which it needs, and it could not have happened any other way, given the timeline. We’re not forgetting that Gino Morrelli and Pete Melvin—Melvin was part of the team that wrote the AC72 design rule—are now on the design case for Emirates Team New Zealand/Luna Rossa. Bertelli’s sailors, and Dalton’s sailors, have every reason to expect the partnership to put fast, capable boats under them. In Valencia in 2007, Emirates Team New Zealand pushed the Defender, Alinghi, harder than any of the pundits dared to predict, and they’re now leading the America’s Cup World Series circuit that Grant Dalton so likes to assail.

Uncharted waters these may be, but the reefs seem eerily familiar.

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Stars at 100

The wildest sailboat ride I ever had was not on a wing-powered catamaran. It was on a “simple” Star.

What Tom Blackaller once told me about sailing in an Olympic Trials on San Francisco Bay—

“It was like going into a fire hose that’s shooting 40 knots.”

and

“I just sailed it under.”

—crossed my mind.

The wind on the final day of the 1972 Star Class trials went way-doggies off the curve, even by the community standards of windy San Francisco Bay. Think 40 knots, gusting to 45. The Olympic Circle was a mass of whitecaps, and yes, despite the best efforts of the man who would become the 1974 and 1980 Star world champion, he “just sailed it under.” There’s a series of classic shots of Blackaller and crewman Bill Munster swimming alongside the soon-to-disappear transom of Star 5550, Good Grief . . .

1972, San Francisco Bay. Source: starclass.org

And there I was in my own time in the crew position for Austin Gibbon, and it was like going into a fire hose that’s shooting 40 knots.

And now it’s 2012 and we have run out of time on 2011, the 100th anniversary of what is not only the oldest surviving one design class, but an original that proved the concept. We forget now that small-boat sailing nosedived in the USA in the early 20th century as internal combustion took off. Allowing for a few successful one-design experiments in Ireland and the UK in the 19th century, the inspiration behind the one-design boat that made a difference in the years to come was one George Corry in the USA. He wrote in 1923, “Small boat sailing is enjoying a boom such as the sport hasn’t known for a quarter of a century. This rejuvenation of a pastime that seemed doomed to extinction with the advent of the automobile and the motorboat has been brought about almost entirely by the development of the one design sailboat, known as the Star Class.”

Between 1911 and 1923, the Star had already spread from New England to the Gulf of Mexico, the Great Lakes, the Pacific Coast, South America, Australia and New Zealand.

And so, years on, Austin had a Star to drive, and I had a Star to crew, with the mission to deliver said Star from the San Francisco cityfront to Richmond Yacht Club, a downwind ride to the far reach of the bay. A perfect downwind ride, you could say, port gybe all the way, carving a wall of water up both chines. I mean, we couldn’t see out . . .

Sometimes you could peek over . . .

And the breeze was way-doggies off the charts again, fortyish in the gusts, and the bay was ebb-tide green with washboard waves, white on top, and there was a lot of spitting, and a bit of hooting and hollering, and I would have kept my fingers crossed except that wasn’t working for me, and this is intended as an homage to the Star in its 100th year—thank goodness we weren’t racing because a pencil neck like me couldn’t have kept the boat down, upwind—and, fortunately, Richmond is a big target. And, fortunately, we missed Alcatraz, and I guess we could have made it a question when we got to Richmond about whether to gybe or not, but by golly it took hardly any conversation at all to agree to tack around instead and we were plum grateful when that worked because on that day there was no Riviera on the “Richmond Riviera.” Whew. Soaked through. From the outside in, and the inside out.

Even with the Star Class struggling in recent years to maintain its history as the ultimate marriage of elite sailors and weekend warriors, I have looked upon the Star as the window into the question of Who We Are, and is there an Us in this sport. Star Class sailors like to say that their competition is the graduate school of small boat sailing. Where did two-time Laser Gold Medalist Robert Scheidt turn, after the Laser? To the Star, of course. The ISAF decision to drop Stars from the 2016 Olympiad speaks directly to the tension between the vision of Olympic sailing as an expression of our finest traditions, versus, um, television entertainment.

Enough already has been written about that.

And I’m ready to see kites in the Olympics, so just call me conflicted.

Meanwhile, thank you to the Star Class, and thank you to the late Austin Gibbon, for the wildest boatride I ever had.

Austin Gibbon at the helm. Courtesy Barbara Wood

And just so we understand each other, below is a more extensive excerpt from George A. Corry’s writings of 1923, first published in Popular Science and reprinted in the Summer 2011 edition of STARLIGHTS. The astute reader will note that I edited Corry’s words above, but not below:

August, 1923

“Small boat sailing and racing this season is enjoying a boom such as the sport hasn’t known for a quarter of a century. This rejuvenation and return to popularity of a pastime that seemed doomed to extinction with the advent of the automobile and the motorboat has been brought about almost entirely by the development of the one design sailboat, known as the Star Class.

“Taurus”, Star #1, sailed by W.L. Inslee, winning the 1922 National Championship for the Western Long Island Sound against
Stars from the Atlantic, Pacific and Great Lakes. Source: 1923 Log/starclass.org.

“The introduction of the cheap, lightweight gas engine in motor-cars and motor-boats hit small boat sailing hard, and the sport went into a steady decline; then the war came, and sailboat building ceased for three years. The few hardy skippers who stuck to the helm and depended upon natural forces for propelling power in those days were advised to ‘put a kicker in her and get somewhere.’ Nothing but speed seemed to interest this army of ‘scorchers’ and new engine drivers who had only lately tired of the bicycle fad. But even in those days when small boat sailing was at its lowest ebb, there remained a small group of yachtsmen who still were faithful to the call of the ships, and who were held steadfast by the lure of the sea. In 1910 I was able to interest a few members of the American Yacht Club, of Milton Point, Rye, New York, in a project to build a number of small sailboats of the same design with the object of racing among themselves.

“The plan succeeded far beyond my expectations.”

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William Faulkner, Sailor Man

© Floating around the net

Being on a Southern sojourn, I counted it high time to renew acquaintance with my friends Eudora Welty, Robert Penn Warren, William Faulkner—

And so it came about that in a five-pounder of an anthology I found a piece by Faulkner that was new to me, an autobiography of sorts in 19 pages posing as an investigation of swamps and Snopses and small towns called cities and tiny black women of fortitude and loyalty who lived and died surrounded by admiration and slow tragedy: out of that welter emerged a few nuggets of the 1949 Nobel Prize Winner from Oxford, Mississippi as a sailor.

Faulkner the sailor? News to me.

Faulkner at home in Oxford, Mississippi, by Henri Cartier-Bresson

Which set me to thinking , which is always risky, but I’ll find my way back to sailor-talk after I’ve poked at a few random thoughts, such as: I cannot read Faulkner, sailor or otherwise, outside the context of the great struggle of my generation, which was the Civil Rights Movement, which rerouted history and adjusted society but failed to redeem it and led us into a promised land that does not yield the fruit that Martin Luther King imagined. Nor can I read Faulkner outside the context of the great struggles of the 19th century, the War Between the States, remembered by the victors as the Civil War, and the aftermath, and the aftermath of the aftermath, which is where Faulkner found his fertile ground. Against that, it may require an attuned sensitivity to the inherited-white Southern mind to read Faulkner’s words about the aftermath—remembering that, for his denunciations of racism, the man was reviled by the editorial writers of the Jackson Clarion Ledger, who may or may not have been capable of reading him at an adult level—to read Faulkner’s words, that is, and digest those words as we hear him subtly modulating the awkward history of the place in the years after The War, via a white Southern Mind:

Soon he (the Negro) would even forge ahead in that economic rivalry with Snopes which was to send Snopes in droves into the Ku Klux Klan—not the old original one of the war’s chaotic and desperate end which, measured against the desperate times, was at least honest and serious in its desperate aim, but into the later and base one of the twenties whose only kinship to the old one was the old name.

For the alert, the intricacies and trapdoors are fascinating as we approach the 150th anniversary of the war that made us a nation. I figure Mr. Faulkner found it complicated to be a Southern man possessed of a conscience and an independent mind and tremendous, tough love for his flawed Mississippi, early- to mid-century of the 20th, and possessed also of personal pride tinged by collective pride and irreconcilable collective shame, and the word pictures he painted in his life still capture light in deep stabs of a careful brush, exposing the soft decay but also the beauty which is so often a melancholy beauty, and it was always about the land.

He did it best in his novels, where the astute reader can taste the extra cup of sour mash flowing into an extra phrase or five or six in a single sentence, the words marching in a line punctuated as the line of Beauregard’s men, bitter on the Corinth Road, or flashing like Forrest’s madcap counterpunch back toward Shiloh. Bloody, bloody Shiloh. But the autobiographical piece that is the source of these excerpts that reveal William Faulkner the sailor is called simply—

MISSISSIPPI

At this time the young man’s attitude was that of most of the other young men in the world who had been around twenty-one years of age in April, 1917, even though at times he did admit to himself that he was possibly using the fact that he had been nineteen on that day as an excuse to follow the avocation he was coming more and more to know would be forever his true one: to be a tramp, a harmless possessionless vagabond.

Thus Faulkner offers an introductory morsel of a self. Then the narrative, labeled an essay, proceeds to examine the land, from the primeval, to the land inhabited by Choctaw and Cherokee, to the white pioneer invasion, to the pioneers’ displacement in turn by “the younger sons of Virginia and Carolina planters coming to replace him in wagons laden with slaves and indigo seedlings over the very roads that he had hacked out with little more than a tomahawk.” Eventually in this essay, with the land in his developing real history of it populated at whim by his fictional Snopeses and Sortorises and De Camps, the South’s most eccentric writer (of significance) turns to a description of a relentless flood of the great river itself, sweeping over farmland and whole villages, swallowing them whole and hauling off farmland wholesale and villages wholesale and bloated cattle and cats and foxes and broken dreams of mended fences, and with them too—and by the way it is widely recognized that it is fatal to other writers to be drawn into the trap of writing in Faulkneresque—the reader is hauled off to the Gulf Coast and a different world.

And:

That was Mississippi too, though a different one from where the child had been bred; the people were Catholics, the Spanish and French blood still showed in the names and faces. But it was not a deep one, if you did not count the sea and the boats on it; a curve of beach, a thin unbroken line of estates and apartment hotels owned and inhabited by Chicago millionaires, standing back to back with another thin line, this time of tenements inhabited by Negroes and whites who ran the boats and worked in the fish-processing plants. Then the Mississippi which the young man knew began: the fading purlieus inhabited by a people whom the young man recognized because their like was in his country too: descendants, heirs at least in spirit, of the tall men, who worked in no factories and farmed no land nor even truck-patches, living not out of the earth but on its denizens: fishing guides and individual professional fishermen, trappers of muskrats and alligator hunters and poachers of deer, the land rising now, once more earth instead of half water, vista-ed and arras-ed with the long leaf pines which northern capital would convert into dollars in Ohio and Indiana . . .

Then, turning his face again to the Gulf Coast, Faulkner writes:

The man remembered from his youth too: one summer spent being blown innocently over in catboats since, born and bred in the North Mississippi hinterland, he did not recognize the edge of a squall until he already had one. The next summer he returned because he found that he liked that much water . . .

He learned the barrier islands too: one of a crew of five amateurs sailing a big sloop in off-shore races, he learned not only how to keep a hull on its keel and moving but how to get it from one place to another and bring it back: so that, a professional now, living in New Orleans he commanded for pay a power launch belonging to a bootlegger (this was the twenties), whose crew consisted of a Negro cook-deckhand-stevedore and the bootlegger’s younger brother: a slim twenty-one or twenty-two year old Italian with yellow eyes like a cat and a silk shirt bulged faintly by an armpit-holstered pistol too small in caliber to have done anything but got them all killed . . .

And much later in this “essay” the setting returns to the hill country of Faulkner’s boyhood—

On his way into town from his home the middleaging (now a professional fiction-writer: who had wanted to remain the tramp and the possessionless vagabond of his young manhood but time and success and the hardening of his arteries had beaten him) man would pass the back yard of a doctor friend whose son was an undergraduate at Harvard. One day the undergraduate stopped him and invited him in and showed him the unfinished hull of a twenty-foot sloop, saying, “When I get her finished, Mr. Bill, I want you to help me sail her.” And each time he passed after that, the undergraduate would repeat: “Remember, Mr. Bill, I want you to help me sail her as soon as I get her in the water,” to which the middleaging would answer as always: Fine, Arthur. Just let me know.”

Then one day he came out of the postoffice: a voice called him from a taxicab, which in small Mississippi towns was any motor car owned by any footloose young man who liked to drive, who decreed himself a taxicab as Napoleon decreed himself an Emperor: in the car with the driver was the undergraduate and a young man whose father had vanished somewhere in the West out of the ruins of the bank of which he had been president, and a fourth young man whose type is universal: the town clown, comedian, whose humor is without viciousness and quite often witty and always funny. “She’s in the water, Mr. Bill,” the undergraduate said. “Are you ready to go now?” And he was, and the sloop was too; the undergraduate had sewn his own sails on his mother’s machine; they worked her out into the lake and got her on course all tight and drawing, when suddenly it seemed to the middleaging that part of him was no longer in the sloop but about ten feet away, looking back at what he saw: a Harvard undergraduate, a taxidriver, the son of an absconded banker and a village clown and a middleaged novelist sailing a home-made boat on an artificial lake in the depths of the North Mississippi hills: And he thought—

That was something which did not happen to you more than once in your life.

A blue heron on watch at Sardis Lake, Mississippi. Source: Wikipedia

Most probably, the unnamed lake where Faulkner sailed with his young companions was Sardis Lake, where he joined with friends to build a houseboat in the 1940s. As explained below in a comment from Mississippi-based reader Charles Bond—read the comment, it adds immeasurably—Faulkner would eventually become the owner of this same little sloop, which he renamed Ring Dove. Eudora Welty, a Jackson lady who could balance words on the head of a pin, sailed there in those days in company with the man disregarded about his home town in his own time as Count NoCount.

Source: FAULKNER – A Biography, by Joseph Blotner: 1974

Sadly, but understandably, there was no room in the Yoknapatawpha County of Faulkner’s construction for lifts and headers on a rippling lake. There was no place in his tense microcosm for the grace of sail. Perhaps if he’d had a few more generations to work with, but then, the transformation of the fiction would have to have been as remarkable as the transformation of the reality. In the 21st Century, Oxford, Mississippi is a very cool place.

MISSISSIPPI copyright 1954 by the Curtis Publishing Company

AND THEN

And then I returned from my Southern sojourn in time to catch the pink rays of sunset over the Golden Gate and wonder just what had gone down in the hearings that I missed at the San Francisco Planning Commission and Port Commission regarding the critical EIR for America’s Cup 34.

The short answer: An all-up vote in favor on both counts. The less-short answer: There are opponents, though not necessarily opponents that spell catastrophe for the event. In some cases, it’s all about politics and pulling the shades to ask, “OK, what is it you really want?”

C.W. Nevius, columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle, has already covered that ground, and he put it this way.

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Wings, the Next Generation

Wanna have some fun? Set Paul Cayard loose on the subject of America’s Cup 34, some re-imagined and surprising wing-control mechanisms, and the terrors of San Francisco Bay in full cry. The custom AC72 catamarans of 2013, he says, will be 30 percent more powerful but “much less stable” than the AC45s that sailed three events this year on the America’s Cup World Series circuit.

And occasionally failed to maintain verticality.

Cayard’s home waters, where the Cup will be sailed, are known to be a windy spot, and when the ebb tide works against the seabreeze—one sixth of all the water in San Francisco Bay goes out, and in, twice a day—then she be lumpy, mon. Sea state, even more than wind strength, is something to fear once the breeze is up, funneling through the Golden Gate and peaking on many days at 18-22 knots. Unless it peaks at 30, and shucks, that’s just home for the home folks. But what does it mean to racing an AC72 with 38 hydraulic cylinders in the wing?

Until the first AC72s are launched in July, 2012, it’s all theory, but, “If you’re making 25 knots upwind and 40 knots downwind, tacking on someone and gassing them just isn’t happening,” Cayard says. “In seriously-overpowered boats, the match will be about who can actually get the boat around the course and figure out how to avoid that extra gybe that costs you maybe 20 seconds, maybe 250 meters.”

As CEO of the Swedish challenger, Artemis Racing, Cayard is not shy about telling you that his Challenger of Record team has gone its own course in engineering an AC72 wing. The box rule governing the AC72 is one big sandbox, so the engineers get to play. Oracle Racing Team Coordinator Ian Burns explains: “I was involved in writing the rule for the AC72s, and when we addressed the wing, we started with a complicated rule, to limit what a designer could do. We added more and more pieces as we thought of more and more outcomes, and we came to a point where it was so complicated—and it was still going to be hard to control, because the more rules you write the more loopholes you create – that we reverted to a simple principle. Limit the area very accurately, and make it a game of efficiency.”

The Artemis approach to efficiency, Cayard says, uses a three-element wing. No surprise. Any wing is much more efficient than a mast and soft sail—for many reasons, not the least of which is that mid-leech tension becomes a non-issue—and C Class catamarans long ago demonstrated that three elements are faster than two. I expect every AC72 to have a three-element wing.

Unless, or until, someone develops a fully-warpable single-element wing, but that’s for another day . . .

In C cats, the middle element has been narrow, which probably is a portent for AC72 wings, but what do I know? There’s never before been as much money or as much research thrown at the problem as now. Richard Gladwell shot this pic of a three-element wing on 1996 Little America’s Cup winner Cogito . . .

But when you scale up to a wing 130 feet tall, how do you control the beast? The first Artemis wing is under construction in a special facility in Valencia, Spain, Cayard says, and to control the moving parts in that wing, “We have 38 hydraulic cylinders. We want to avoid running hydraulic piping to each of them, because that would be heavy, so we have electrovalves embedded in the wing to actuate the hydraulics. But if you had two wires, positive and negative, running to each electrovalve, your wing would look like a PG&E substation, and that’s heavy too, so we use a CAN-bus [controlled area network] with far fewer wires. Still, it’s incredibly complex.

“We wind up with lot of hydraulics,” Cayard says, “and the America’s Cup rules don’t allow stored power, so two of our eleven guys—we think, two—will be grinding a primary winch all the race long. Not to trim, but to maintain pressure in the hydraulic tank so that any time someone wants to open a hydraulic valve to trim the wing, there will be pressure to make that happen.”

Nathaniel Herreshoff (with Cayard, one of the first 15 people inducted into the National Sailing Hall of Fame) built a catamaran called Amaryllis in 1876, but it was too fast, too different, for its time. There is no way that Nathaniel Herreshoff could have foreseen an AC72, but he was the type of guy who would have been thoroughly intrigued. I’m guessing the people who wrote the AC72 rule didn’t foresee the Artemis configuration of wing controls, either, but I didn’t get invited to that meeting so I really don’t know. When I asked Cayard about the lineup, he allowed as how the competition’s hydraulics are “probably a bit different.”

The Wing, the Hull, the Hull, the Wing

Cayard figures the “boat” is a four-month build at $4-5 million (the airfoil-shaped crossbeams themselves taking four months) and then “The wing is about the same again, but it’s a six-month endeavor.”

And how will this Artemis wing fit into the fleet to be?

The fleet of which we know almost nothing . . .

“Once you have a setup like ours you could easily autopilot the thing,” Cayard says, “but that’s not legal. You must manually control the wing, with no stored power. With our guys grinding to maintain hydraulic pressure, someone else on the boat can push a button and send an electric current to a switch that will open a valve to let hydraulic fluid flow to shape the wing.

“It’s a fine line. They’re still refining those rules.”

Footnote: The one-design AC45s now on hiatus until America’s Cup World Series racing resumes in April in Naples, Italy, were purposely kept simple because the game needed boats on the water, and the engineers needed to get it right the first time. Thus the two-element wing. Thus the straight daggerboards. The design team got it right, and the boat is a winner.

But no one is going to bring that package, upsized, to the gunfight of 2013.

I’m just telling you.

Postscript: Congress today approved the America’s Cup Act of 2011, guiding the AC around any trip-ups under the Jones Act. A bit late for the San Diego ACWS, but what else is new. You can read the whole deal right here if you’re into that sort of thing.

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Takeaways San Diego

The big show was on San Diego Bay, right off the Broadway Pier, but for those who found it, the big WTF was tucked into Scripps’ Nimitz Marine Facility on Point Loma and scheduled for sea trials soon. Lots of interconnectedness, and more later . . .

WTF?

Photo by Kimball Livingston

Think, computer-controlled wing mounted on a conventional trimaran. Harbor Wing Technologies at work on a consumer product. More later, but first . . .

Does Mikey like it?

I keep forgetting these races are horseshit.

I’ve seen some exciting racing at the America’s Cup World Series in San Diego, and I’m a guy who can’t usually sit still to watch a whole sailboat race. A race for the America’s Cup, yes, but this is not that, and yet—

And yet, I keep getting caught up. There’s the match racing back and forth, and when the breeze is on, the fleet racing is just plain hot.

So, the grand experiment is working, and I guess these races are not horseshit at all. Vincenzo Onorato spoke the truth as he bowed out of AC34, and it went something like, “The international economic crisis, with the difficulties of finding sponsors, is the only true, real enemy of the next America’s Cup.”

You could talk the thing to death, because the development of new forms of racing, new technologies, and a hoped-for new audience is not perfect, not complete. Teams such as China and Korea are still betting on the come. But we’re only three events deep, less than a year since the prototype AC45 hit the water and much less than a year since the first test of the augmented-reality graphics.

I didn’t go to the racing in Cacais or Plymouth, and I didn’t pay close attention, even though I care about the outcome. The big picture outcome. Not who wins the boatrace at this stage.

Now I care because now I see. The America’s Cup World Series looks good to leverage the America’s Cup brand and with it build the international catamaran circuit that Russell Coutts and Paul Cayard tried to launch years ago but couldn’t. Couldn’t, because it was not the America’s Cup.

And so, these races are the most important thing going in our sport.

Artemis digs a hole or two in San Diego Bay. Photo by Gilles Martin-Raget

There is a traditionalist vein, worthy of respect, that cringes at the thought of the America’s Cup as a “brand.” I get that. I sort-of share it. But I’m looking forward, not back.

So:

1) Iain Murray is correct that, “The AC World Series is growing legs of its own.”

2) Richard Worth is correct that, “Three months ago the America’s Cup World Series didn’t even exist, but we have 30 broadcast partners already. We have little left to prove; what we can do is improve. We can go back to Europe with a fully-formed sports property.”

Think Naples in April, Venice in May.

And I wonder if, no—I bet you—I doubledog bet you there were as many people from Northern California here to watch the races as there were from Southern California. The road show moves on to Naples, Venice, and Newport, Rhode Island in 2012. But I’m ready right now for August and AC45s on the San Francisco cityfront. I can already imagine the spectacle. Terry Hutchinson and company took me along on Artemis for the Wednesday speed trials, and when these boats accelerate off the wind the sensation redefines thunder.

Redefines, because it isn’t loud.

But it’s thunder.

No, the wings don’t have to come down at night. With the rudders angled-off at 90 degrees or so, here is the Spanish challenger, GreenCom, weathervaning on its mooring. Photo by Kimball Livingston

3) And, finally, Dean Barker was correct to respond, when he was pushed to say whether New Zealand will maintain this format should it win the Cup in 2013: “The next two years will tell us that.”

Couldn’t have said it better myself, but I think I know the answer.

I suppose I should mention

Oracle Racing, with Jimmy Spithill driving and John Kostecki on tactics, won both the match racing and the fleet racing at San Diego, but it didn’t come easy. Surely you’ve already found the story at americascup.com, but if not, now you can.


Been to the gym lately?

Race Management CEO Iain Murray is fond of reminding people how hard the crews are working on the AC45s, deploying sails and recovering sails on short legs, dropping and lowering daggerboards, trimming, maintaining 95 percent of a maximum heart rate for a 20-minute race . . .

Elvstrom invented the concept of sailor as athlete, and now, “We have one particular Olympian in the fleet who has been tested for ten years and has never measured a heart rate over 122 beats per minute,” Murray said. “In San Diego, he has hit 197 three times. And here’s umpire chief Mike Martin, a 505 world champion and 18-foot skiff world champion in his own sailing, telling us, “No one anticipated the physicality of sailing these boats.”

A philosophical approach

The new America’s Cup technologies are very cool, but humans have their human concerns. There is the celebrated electronic system that tracks a boat’s position down to a couple of inches. It could be used to automatically assess a penalty. But it isn’t. Mike Martin says, “We didn’t want the computer to make the call. It’s a philosophical approach.” And so the humans in the umpire booth study the display, take opinions from umpires following the boats in jetskis, and then make the call.

Martin says, “Here’s one example of why. In maneuvering, you have to give the other boat room to keep clear. The computer doesn’t know if the crew of that other boat is making an effort to keep clear or not. So we have those people out there on jetskis.” Using their eyeballs.

Add exception: OCS at the start is determined electronically, period. It’s hard enough to judge the starting line with monohulls approaching at six knots. With double-hulled boats, each with a prod out ahead, storming in at 20 knots, you really need technology you trust, Martin says: “If they’re four inches over, the system calls them out. If they’re four inches safe, it lets them go.”

If it works, don’t fix it

The standard procedure for standard match-race umpiring is for two standard umpires in a standard chase boat to each assume the role of one of the boats and maintain a running dialogue about who’s doing what, and why, and who is in the right, and why. And then, if there is a foul, they call it.

“That system works,” Mike Martin says. “So we’ve kept it.” In the updated version, of course. Now they’re watching from the video booth.

Technology in beta can fail

There was that match between Artemis and Aleph where the race committee “lost the boundaries” of the course and abandoned the race. It was an important race because it determined which would emerge from the losers’ bracket to join the final four in the match race finals. And it was important because Artemis had outfoxed Aleph—which had gone 3-0 earlier in those sudden-death sail-offs—outfoxed them in the prestart, then did, and held them out of the box they were obligated to enter and forced a penalty that put Artemis well ahead. Until Aleph split. Until the wind on the race course reconfigured itself to make the Aleph side a winner. And then, no boundaries. Everything is marked electronically, including the edges of the race course. Cries from Artemis, “We’re a dark boat!”
Technology maestro Stan Honey never misses an opportunity to remind us, “There will be failures.”

Leaving open the question (there will be meetings) of how much redundancy is enough.

And there was that moment in the rain in the first weekend when Stan “lost” four of his committee boats.
Gone.
Disappeared.
Did they sink? Did the technology fail?
Panic time.
(Psst: they were under the shelter of the wide, out-reaching deck of the aircraft carrier, USS Midway, keeping out of the rain.)

Live the adventure. Honor the legend.

It’s the start, stupid

You can’t get away from it. The start of a match race is critical. You can take America’s Cup teams out of monohulls, you can reconfigure to a reaching start, you can make the first leg frantically short, but you can’t make it so’s the start is anything less than—did I mention?—critical.

In the first three of Thursday’s sudden-death eliminations, I saw races pretty-much determined by the first-mark turn, itself determined by who got the jump at the start.

One morning earlier, Race Management CEO Iain Murray briefed the press on his plans for the week, and the lead-off question in Q&A addressed the grousing from a couple of skippers about the difficulty of winning a reaching start. Murray wasn’t buying it: “A start here is important, just as in any race. We’re still inventing how we do this. We’re learning, and if the rules need changing, we’ll change them. But we’ve had six [demonstration] fleet races with five different winners, and I don’t feel bad about that.”

Trending now

Olympic gold medalist Johnnie Moseley, in town to host Oracle Racing’s introduction of luxury chronograph maker and returning sponsor TagHeuer, figures, “Snowboarding re-energized skiing. There were people who were against it, there were places that wanted to ban it, but really, what it did was re-energize skiing. I see the same thing happening now in sailing.”

And now I leave you, San Diego, a true sailors’ town

Harbor Wing

Their original project was a remotely-operated surveillance vehicle aimed at a military market, but Harbor Wing Technologies also has designs on the commercial market. The idea is that human reaction time is the key limiter to sailing large multihulls on the ocean. When the puff hits, the human just can’t get to the sheet in time, unless said human is a racing crew holding an uncleated line. But a computer (with massive redundancies) never sleeps.

I’m not going deep on this, at least not here, not now. But it’s a fascinating project, with connections to the Morrelli & Melvin design team and consulting from Stan Honey. The wing pivots 360 degrees and has separate upper and lower sections, so it feathers itself at the dock. `No need to worry about “taking the wing down at night.” The sections . . .

You won’t be able to get inside Scripps’ Nimitz to walk up to it, but a boat will get you close. Or you can see it from a medium distance by driving to the end of Shelter Island, out where the Customs Dock is located, and looking across the channel. They’ll be sea-trialing the software too.

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A GAME OF EFFICIENCY

San Diego, California
Future Sailing: Imagining a Single-Skin Wing

Inspiring as it is, and yes, it is inspiring, to see the one-design AC45s racing in US waters, it stirs my appetite for the custom AC72s yet to come.

Baby, you ain’t seen nothin’ yet.

Whenever I do a public program about the America’s Cup, I run people slapdash through the history, because it’s a brilliant history. Consider how many times in its first 132 years—the longest winning streak in sports—the America’s Cup was defended against a faster boat. Consider how unlikely it was that Dennis Conner and company would push their losing, 1983 match to seven races against a much faster boat and almost keep that winning streak alive. Switch boats and . . .

How do you build a legend? I ask that, and then I run a show of AC45s on the fly.

Gilles Martin-Raget

Gilles Martin-Raget

and then I cut to a comparison rendering of one-design 45-foot catamarans versus custom 72-foot catamarans and —

— there’s always a gasp.

I remind the audience that the hulls, wings and foils of the AC45s are not cutting edge. They represent “safe” technology, because the engineers had to get it right the first time, to get this fleet sailing. And they got it right. Demonstrating that this much of the envelope is known.

(To a general sigh of relief from the engineering side. And the finance side. And the sailors’ side. But a bit amazing just in itself.)

Now what?

Under the design rule for the 72-foot catamarans that will actually compete for the America’s Cup, engineers are accorded dimension limits, and within those dimensions, they have a clean sheet of paper.

More-complicated wings are a given. Curved daggerboards, supporting most of the displacement, are a given. There’s an invitation to over-achieve, because the time frame for trial and error is short, and it is easy to imagine creating something that is faster, but not manageably faster.

Rhymes with disaster.

In that lies the “art” of engineering.

That is why the sailors talk to the designers, and the designers talk to the sailors, and designers get as much onboard time as they can.

Oracle Racing Team Coordinator Ian Burns puts it this way: “I was involved with writing the rule for the AC72s, and when we addressed the wing, we started with a relatively complicated rule, to limit what a designer could do. We added more and more pieces as we thought of more and more outcomes, and we came to a point where it was so complicated—and it was still going to be hard to control, because the more rules you write the more loopholes you create – that we reverted to a simple principle. Limit the area very accurately, and make it a game of efficiency.”

C-class racing has already demonstrated that a three-element wing is faster than a two-element wing. That is, a three-element wing with two vertical slots accelerating and re-attaching flow over the leeward side. I take it as gospel that we will see three-element wings when AC72s hit the water.

But if a three-element wing is faster than a two-element wing, what about a four-element wing?

“One of beauties of a wing is you can set it up however you want it,” Burns says. “Our flaps [on Oracle Racing's experimental wings] are somewhat continuous, with an even curve up the back edge, but I know that some of the teams have been trialing discontinuous flaps, disconnected so they can set flaps at different angles, which I think is quite interesting. Depending on how many flaps you have on your 72, you can set up the wing a thousand different ways.”

But here’s the deal —

“Under the ACC rule for monohulls, the boats that we raced in Valencia in 2007 went through a whole iteration of complicated keels, and tandem keels, and we all came back to the simple configuration of a single fin with a couple of wings, and you couldn’t do better than that. We may see the same cycle again with wings and lots of clever multiple elements, but people probably will come back to simple solutions.”

Unless

someone makes

a leap beyond.

Last summer, when Jimmy Spithill, John Kostecki and company took me for a ride on San Francisco Bay on Oracle 4, I looked up and observed—the obvious, but I had not thought this through—that the inside, concave surface of the wing—picture yourself looking up from the deck to the windward, inside surface of a sail—was formed by a grouping of convex surfaces. A soft sail, or the underside of a bird’s wing, would be a continuous, smooth surface.

Even to somebody with my Engineering-for-Dinosaurs eye, that cried out as an opportunity, however complex. Some time later, wearing my SAIL Magazine hat, I found myself at Pier 80, foot of Cesar Chavez Street, San Francisco. This is Oracle Racing headquarters until 2013, and I put the question to Burns and to Oracle Racing wing designer Scott Ferguson: Considering that bird wings don’t have convex surfaces on the lower, concave portion of their wings, aren’t we already seeing a built-in opportunity for performance enhancement?

The answer was yes, sorta.

It was a fascinating conversation as Burns went on to say—

“The C-class guys had a crack at making a wing out of a solid carbon skin rather than this 1930s airplane technology [meaning plastic film stretched over Nomex-cored carbon tubing, conceptually the same as canvas stretched over a wood frame] and probably a single skin is where we end up, some day. But for that we will need incredibly light laminates, materials not currently available. This plastic skin we’re stretching over frames, if I put my finger through it, we can fix with tape in a second. But with a carbon fiber skin it’s not so simple. Maybe not in this Cup, or maybe at the end of this Cup or the next, people will end up with a solid skin.”

Now let’s get Scott Ferguson, incidentally a Laser Master champion, in on this. Here’s Scott: “Achieving the perfect shape is hard using membrane-over-frame, but perhaps you can design around that problem by bowing frames to make the shape more of what you want. Then there’s the problem that you want minimal frames, because frames have weight, and meanwhile you have to have a strong leading edge because, if the leading edge goes soft, the wing loses shape. [AC45 wings have a Kevlar leading edge.] That level of strength becomes less critical moving aft. We’ll probably be seeing some attempts at single-skin wings, but the laminate skin we are using now is light at 60 grams per square meter. If you go with a [heavier] carbon fiber skin, it’s still going to show some dimpling, and you’re still going to have to have a core. At that point, with available materials, you’ve built a heavy wing.”

Meanwhile, materials technology is on the move. For example, here’s Ferguson again: “For its 3DL sails, North has started making super-thin-ply carbon fiber laminates. They’re incredibly thin tapes, and they create lighter laminations than you get from pre-preg.”

So, somewhere, out there, what’s there?

We take it for granted that weight aloft is a bad thing, but when you are designing an AC72 wing, keeping it light turns around and creates its own issues. And still, you have to do it. “The AC72 rule limits the wing by weight, and that’s a good thing,” Burns says. “As we designed the rule, there was a lot of work done on weights by different groups, and they all came back with similar numbers. You can’t do anything too complicated.”

The designers are up against a total-weight limit for an AC72. If the wing comes out heavy because there’s a lot going on, then the hulls have to come out lighter, and that’s not an easy trick. You really, really, really don’t want the hulls-structure to be fragile. “If you build a six-element wing [or a single-skin wing?] with a lot of fancy controls, you would struggle to not be overweight,” Burns said. “If you’re overweight in total, you don’t have an AC 72. You can’t sail.”

Compared to everything that went before, does that make the designers’ job easier or harder?

Ferguson says: “It’s just a different problem.”

(Add social note: Ferguson was hoping, back in the day, to stay with monohulls.)

And get these extra complications, per Burns: “The wing designer’s job is to create a big, light structure, and that is a good thing to achieve. Until you want to attach something to it. Then, if you’re trying to attach a shroud to a thin piece of carbon fiber, you suddenly have a complicated problem. In our 2007 monohulls, the masts were 6-8 millimeters thick, and you could just drill a hole and screw something in. By comparison, the forces were high, the solutions were brute-force, and almost any component failure would bring the whole rig down. Now everything is very light. Attaching anything is a challenge, but the beauty is that very few of the components are individually critical to keeping the wing upright.”

PS: If you have a reservation with Payless Car Rental, cancel immediately. The crappiness will remain long after the savings are forgotten.

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